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Усі обговорення проводяться в корні розділу "Тлумачні словники". Тут буде відображатися актуальний стан перекладу кожного з термінів даної літери. Повідомлення будуть форматуватися і перекладатися в довільному порядку по мірі необхідності. Бажаючим прийняти участь - пишіть свої варіанти в корні розділу "Тлумачні словники". Планується поступово наповнювати електронну базу даних з можливістю доступу з форуму, у кого є варіанти - пишіть.
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 Тема повідомлення: Re: S
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S100 bus A standard board and bus system used by hobbyists and small business users that has become a de facto standard for microcomputers. The S100 bus uses 100 pins.
SA Standards Australia (Australia). A certification laboratory for testing the equipment of different vendors to some common standard.
SAA (System Application Architecture); Standards Association of Australia (IEC). A set of standards developed by IBM that provides identical user interfaces for applications that are running on PCs, minicomputers, and mainframes.
sabin A unit of measure for sound absorption that is equivalent to one square foot of a perfectly absorptive surface.
saddle A casting, fabricated chair, or member that is used to provide support.
safe area 1. See nonhazardous (unclassified) location. [ISA-12.01.01-1999] 2. An area in which an explosive gas/air mixture is not expected to be present so that special precautions for the construction and use of electrical apparatuses are not required.
safe state A state that a process or equipment under attain when they comply with the safety requirements of a Process Hazards Analysis (PHA). [ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996]
safety availability The fraction of time in which a safety system is able to perform its designated safety service when a process is operating. In the ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996 standard, the average probability of failure on demand (PFDavg) is the preferred term. (PFD equals 1 minus Safety Availability). [ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996] See probability of failure on demand (PFD).
safety can A metal can with a special closure that is used for storing, handling, and transporting flammable liquids.
safety control See control, safety.
safety-critical control A control whose failure to operate properly will result directly in a catastrophic release of toxic, reactive, flammable, or explosive chemical. [ANSI/ISA-91.01-1995]
safety ground 1. A connection between metal structures, cabinets, cases, and the like that is required in order to prevent an electrical shock hazard to personnel. 2. Safety ground is not a signal reference point.
safety hoist A hoisting device that stops automatically when tension is released.


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safety hook A lifting hook with a spring-loaded latch that prevents the lifting sling from accidentally slipping off.
safety instrumented system (SIS) 1. A system that is composed of sensors, logic solvers, and final control elements whose purpose is to take the process to a safe state when predetermined conditions are violated. Other terms commonly used include “emergency shutdown system” (ESS), “safety shutdown system” (SSD), and “safety interlock system.” [ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996] See emergency shutdown system (ESS) and safety shutdown (SSD). 2. A system composed of sensors, logic solvers, and final control elements for the purpose of taking the process to a safe state when pre-determined conditions are violated. [ISA-5.1-2009]
safety instrumented system components The parts of a safety instrumented system (SIS), such as the field devices, input modules, output modules, and logic solvers. [ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996]
safety integrity level (SIL) One of three possible discrete integrity levels (SIL 1, SIL 2, SIL 3) of safety instrumented systems (SISs). SILs are defined in terms of their probability of failure on demand (PFD). [ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996]
safety life cycle (SLC) The sequence of activities followed during the implementation of a safety instrumented system from conception through decommissioning. [ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996]
safety limit A limit placed on an important process variable in order to reasonably protect the integrity of the physical barriers that guard against the uncontrolled release of radioactivity. (See CFR, 50.36[c][1][i][A]).[ANSI/ISA-67.04.01-2000]
safety plug A nonrecloseable pressure-relief device containing a fusible element that melts at a predetermined temperature.
safety relief valve An automatic pressurerelieving device that is actuated by the pressure upstream of the valve and is characterized by an opening pop action. Further increase in lift is achieved by increasing pressure above the popping pressure.
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safety rod See control rod.
safety shut down (SSD) The action of shutting off all fuel and ignition energy to the burner by means of safety control or controls such that restart cannot be accomplished without action by the operator.
safety stop 1. A device on a hoisting apparatus to prevent the load from falling. 2. A device on a hoisting engine that automatically prevents it from overwinding. 3. A device that prevents mechanical over-travel on a piece of equipment.
safety switch A switch that is employed for the purpose of providing protection. Such a switch may be known as an “interlock.” See interlock.
safety valve A spring-loaded valve that automatically opens when pressure attains the valve setting. The safety valve is used to prevent excessive pressure from building up in a boiler.
safe working pressure See design pressure.
salinometer An instrument for measuring water salinity. It may utilize an electrical conductivity measurement or a hydrometer that is calibrated to directly read the percentage of salt content.
sample and hold A device that senses and stores the value of an analog signal. [ISARP55.1-1975 (R1983)]
sample-and-hold per channel A method for sampling and holding analog data channels in advance of a normal multiplex sample-
and-hold A/D encoding process.
sampled-data control That branch of automatic control theory that is concerned with the control of variables whose current values are not continuously available for comparison with the set point but are instead sampled only at given intervals.
sample draw A method for causing the atmosphere being monitored to flow deliberately or directly to a gas-sensing element. [S12.15;ANSI/ISA-12.13.01-2000; ANSI/ISA-92.02.01, Part 1-1998; ISA-RP92.02.02, Part II-1998; ISA-92.03.01-1998; and ISA-92.06.01-1998]
sampled signal A signal that is updated only at given intervals by a new observation of the variable.
sample-hold A device that takes a “snapshot” of an analog signal so it is held stationary for an A/D conversion.
sample/hold amplifier An amplifier that samples the input signal and holds the value for the required amount of time before it is input to an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter.


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sample interval The time interval between measurements or observations of a variable.
sample isolation valve The valve that is nearest the instrument, grab-sample point, or in-line component and is available to personnel during normal plant operation so as to isolate them (the personnel) from the process. The root valve may or may not perform the function of the isolation valve, depending on its location. See root valve. [ISA-67.02.01-1999]
sample lag time An interval of time between the initiation of a discrete sample (particle, molecule, or atom) from the sample tap to the termination at a specific volumetric flow rate through the sample line. [ISA-67.02.01-1999]
sample line імпульсна лінія /UK/
A piping and/or tubing system that removes fluid from a process either continuously or periodically for the purpose of determining its constituents or physical properties. The sample line begins at the process tap or nozzle that is used for sampling and terminates where the flow of sample fluid ends as a discrete and controlled entity. [ISA-67.02.01-1999] /UK/ Трубопроводна та/або трубна система, по якій безперервно, або періодично з процесу подається рідина з метою визначення її компонентного складу або фізичних властивостей. Імпульсна лінія починається з процессу як відвід чи патрубок, які використовуються для відбору проб, і завершується тоді, коли відібраний імпульс приймається як дискретна і контрольована сутність.[ISA-67.02.01-1999, пер. san]

sample plan The plan designed by a telemetry engineer to sample and encode data incrementally so it may be accurately decoded and recreated.
sample sink An installed device that has controlled drainage and/or ventilation at which a grab sample may be obtained. [ISA-
67.02.01-1999]
sample system The mechanism and controls that are used to obtain a process sample and transport it to the analyzer in a condition suitable for analysis but without affecting the sample’s integrity.
sample tap The point at which the sample line taps into the process line (pipe, duct, container), and the point where the sample flow begins. It may also be referred to as “sample connection,” “sample nozzle,” or “process tap.” [ISA-67.02.01-1999]
sample vessel An integrally valved, portable sample container that is designed to obtain pressurized samples at process pressure. [ISA-67.02.01-1999]
sampling 1. Obtaining the values of a function for discrete, regularly, or irregularly spaced values of the independent variable. 2. Selecting only part of a production lot or population for inspection, measurement, or testing. 3. The removal of a portion of a material for examination or analysis. 4. In statistics, obtaining a sample from a population.


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sampling action A type of controller action in which the value of the controlled variable is measured at intermittent intervals rather than continuously.
sampling controller A controller that effects control action by using intermittently observed values of a signal, such as the set point signal, the actuating error signal, or the signal that represents the controlled variable. See controller, sampling.
sampling period The time interval between observations in a periodic sampling control system. [ANSI/ISA-51.1-1979 (R1993)]
sampling rate For a given measurement, the number of times that it is sampled per second in a time-division-multiplexed system.Typically, this rate is at least five times the highest data frequency of the measurement.
sampling theorem Nyquist's result that equispaced data, that has two or more points per cycle of highest frequency, allow band-limited functions to be reconstructed. The theorem states if the rms spectrum/G(t), is identically zero at all frequencies above W cycles per second, then g(t) is uniquely determined by giving its ordinates at a series of points spaced 1/2W seconds apart, the series extending through the time domain.
sandblasting Grit blasting, especially when the abrasive is ordinary sand. See grit blasting.
Sanders 3-D plotting A form of rapid prototyping. See rapid prototyping (RP).
sanding Smoothing a surface with abrasive cloth or paper. Usually implies the use of a special paper covered with adhesive-bonded flint or quartz fragments.
sandwich braze A joining technique for reducing thermal stress in a brazed joint. A shim is placed between the opposing surfaces of the joint to act as a transition layer.
sandwich construction A technique for producing composite materials in which hard outer sheets are glued onto a center layer, which is usually made of a foamed or honeycomb material.
sanitary engineering A field of civil engineering that deals with the construction and operation of facilities that protect public health.
sans serif In typesetting, a type style that has no straight or curved decorative additions. See serif.
SARA (Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act) A U.S. federal law passed in 1986 that reauthorizes and expands the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act.


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SAR (Successive Approximation Register). A type of A/D converter found on board single-chip microprocessors. It provides better speed but less accuracy than the “dual slope” technique.
SASE (Specific Application Service Element). A protocol of MMS.
satin finish A type of metal finish that is produced by scratch-brushing a polished metal surface so as to produce a soft sheen.
saturable core reactor An inductive “valve” that provides modulating control to a heavy inductive load such as the heating elements in furnaces.
saturable-core magnetometer A magnetometer whose output is derived from changes in magnetic permeability of a ferromagnetic core as a function of the strength of the magnetic field being measured.
saturable-core reactor A device for introducing inductive reactance into a circuit, wherein the effective reactance can be varied by varying the auxiliary direct-current (DC) excitation of a ferromagnetic core.
saturated air Air that contains the maximum amount of water vapor it can hold at its temperature and pressure.
saturated steam Steam at the temperature corresponding to its pressure.
saturated temperature The temperature at which evaporation occurs at a particular pressure.
saturated water Water at its boiling point.
saturation 1. A device characteristic that is exhibited when a further change in the input signal produces no additional change in the output. [ANSI/ISA-67.04.01-2000] A characteristic curve exhibits saturation when further change of the input variable beyond a certain value results in a negligible additional change of the output variable.
saturation current 1. In ionic conduction, the current that is obtained when the applied voltage is sufficient to collect all of the ions present. 2. In an electromagnet, the excitation current that is required in order to produce magnetic saturation.
saturation voltage The minimum applied voltage that produces saturation current.
saturator A device, equipment, or person that saturates one material with another.
sawtooth wave A type of cyclic direct current (DC) waveform in which voltage and current rise gradually from zero to a peak value, then drop instantaneously to zero and repeat the cycle.
Saybolt color scale A standardized color scale that is used primarily in the petroleum and pharmaceutical industries to grade the yellowness of pale products. It is based on matching the color of a column of the sample liquid with one of a set of color-controlled glass disks. The procedure is described in ASTM standard D156.


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Saybolt Furol viscosimeter An instrument similar to a Saybolt Universal viscosimeter, but that has a larger-diameter tube for measuring the viscosity of very thick oils. See Saybolt Universal viscosimeter.
Saybolt Universal viscosimeter An instrument for determining viscosity by measuring the time it takes an oil or other fluid to flow through a calibrated tube.
s-band In telemetry, the portion of the radio frequency spectrum between 2,200 and 2,300 MHz.
SBE (Scan by exception). A way of rapidly reporting information in large process control communication systems. The host polls all devices, but the devices will only communicate changed data or indicate anomalies--rather than reporting everything. When there is nothing to report, the device will send a brief “all’s well” signal.
scab A surface defect on a casting or rolled metal product consisting of a thin, flat piece of metal partly detached from the substrate.
scaffold A movable or temporary platform that allows workers to perform tasks at considerable heights above the ground. It may be either supported from ground level on a framework or suspended from above on ropes or cables.
scalability 1. The ability to vary the information content of a program by changing the amount of data that is stored, transmitted, or displayed. In a video image, this translates into creating larger or smaller windows of video on screens. 2. In terms of a system, the ability to readily increase capacity and/or functions (sometimes by adding more devices to a network).
scalar quantity Any quantity that can be described by magnitude alone, as opposed to a vector quantity, which can only be described by both magnitude and direction.
scale 1. A graduated series of markings that are usually used in conjunction with a pointer to indicate a measured value. 2. A graduated measuring stick, such as a ruler. 3. A device for weighing objects. 4. A thick metallic oxide that is usually formed by heating metals in air. 5. A hard coating or layer of materials on the surfaces of boiler pressure parts.


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scale effects Differences in cavitation coefficients that occur between the flow test conditions and actual valve operating conditions. These scale effects result from differences in valve size and operating pressures. Scaling equations are used to modify the reference values of the cavitation coefficients supplied by valve manufacturers in order to evaluate equipment at other than reference conditions. [ISA-RP75.23-1995]
scale factor 1. The factor by which the number of scale divisions indicated or recorded by an instrument should be manipulated so as to compute the value of the measured variable. Note: Deflection factor is a more general term than scale factor in that the instrument response may be expressed alternatively in units other than scale divisions. [ANSI/ISA-51.1-1979 (R1993)] 2. The coefficients that are used to multiply or divide quantities in a problem in order to convert them so they lie in a given range of magnitude, for example, plus one to minus one. 3. A constant multiplier that converts an instrument reading expressed in scale divisions into a measured value expressed in standard units. 4. In analog computing, a proportionality factor that relates the value of a specified variable to the circuit characteristic that represents it in the computer. 5. In digital computing, an arbitrary factor that is applied to some of the numerical quantities in the computer to adjust the position of the radix point so that the significant digits occupy specific positions.
scale length The distance that the pointer of an indicating instrument, or the marking device of a recording instrument, travels in moving from one end of the instrument scale to the other, measured along the baseline of the scale divisions.
scale-of-ten circuit A decade scaler.
scale-of-two circuit A binary scaler.
scaler A measuring-circuit or control-circuit component that produces one output pulse each time a specific number of input pulses has been received.
scale span The algebraic difference, measured in scale units, between the highest value that can be read from the scale and the lowest value.
scale units The units of measure that are stated on an instrument’s scale.
scale-up The act of using data from an experimental model or pilot plant to design a larger (“scaled-up”) facility or device, usually of commercial size.


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scaling 1. A misnomer for “descaling.” See descaling. 2. The process of forming a thick layer of oxide on a metal, especially at high temperatures. 3. Depositing solid, adherent inorganic layers on the internal surface of a boiler tube, process pipe, or vessel, usually from a very dilute water solution.
scaling circuit An electronic circuit that produces an output pulse whenever a predetermined number of input pulses has been received.
scaling factor A factor that is used in heat-exchange calculations to allow for the reduced thermal conductivity across a tube or pipe wall caused by scaling.
scaling measurement A measurement that is derived from an input signal, which is multiplied by a scale factor to produce a specific output signal.
scalp To remove the surface layer of a billet, slab, or ingot, thereby removing surface defects that might persist through later operations.
scan 1. To sample, in a predetermined manner, each of a number of variables intermittently. The function of a scanning device is often to ascertain the state or value of a variable. The device may be associated with other functions such as recording and alarming. [ANSI/ISA-5.1-1984 (R1992)] 2. The process by which a computer collects data, usually through a multiplexer, from process sensors for use in calculations. 3. The sequential interrogation of devices or lists of information under a program’s control. 4. Same as scan rate. 5. To examine an area, volume, or portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, point by point, in an ordered manner. 6. To sample, in a predetermined manner, each of a number of variables periodically or intermittently. a) a scanning device is often used to ascertain the state or value of a group of variables, and may be associated with other functions such as recording and alarming. [ISA-5.1-2009]
scanner 1. An instrument that automatically samples or interrogates the state of various processes, files, conditions, or physical states. It then initiates action in accordance with the information obtained. 2. Any device that examines a region or quantity point by point in a continuous systematic manner. 3. A device that repeatedly and systematically samples or measures several quantities in a predetermined sequence. 4. An electronic device that is used to make color and tonecorrected separations of images. Scanners are usually employed to copy a photo or printed image into a computer for use in a video screen image.
scanning limits The action of comparing input variables against either presorted or calculated high and/or low limits so as to determine if an alarm condition is present.


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